Gaochang
| Gaochang Ruins قئارئاهوجئا | |
|---|---|
| 高昌故城 | |
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| Coordinates: 42°59′N 89°11′E / 42.983°N 89.183°E |
Gaochang (Chinese: 高昌; pinyin: Gāochāng) is the site of an ancient oasis city built on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the Silk Road. The ruins are located 30 km southeast of modern Turpan.
History
Gaochang (Pronounced and written as Qara-hoja (قاراھوجا) in Uyghur) is located in present-day Xinjiang Province, 30 km from Turpan. The site is also known in early published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, or Qočo. The archaeological remains are just outside the town at a place originally called Idykut-schari or Idikutschari by local residents (see the work of Albert Grünwedel in the external links below). Artistic monuments of the city have been published by Albert von Le Coq.
Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the Silk Road. It played a key role as a transportation hub in western China. There is some documented history surviving today, perhaps stories passed on through oral tradition exist to detail the history. It was burnt down in wars in the 14th century. Old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today.
In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang fled to Gaochang led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran. There were more than ten thousand Han Chinese households in Gaochang, and the Rouran appointed a Han named Kan Bozhou as their vassal King of Gaochang in 460.
At this time the Gaoche (高車) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the Tarim Basin. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (阿伏至羅) killed Kan Shougui and appointed a Han from Dunhuang, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang. Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.
Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (馬儒). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (麴嘉) of Jincheng (in Gansu) as their king. Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche, and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. Later, when the Göktürks emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks. In 640, Gaochang was annexed by the Chinese Tang dynasty and renamed Xizhou (西州).
From the mid fifth century until the mid seventh century there existed four independent kingdoms in the narrow Turpan basin. These are known as the Kan Family, Zhang Family, Ma Family, and Qu family. In the second year of Tang Zhen Guan (628 AD), the famous monk Xuanzang passed through Gaochang. In the 13th year of Tang Zhen Guan (640 AD), Gaochang county was established. According to documents from the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Qara-hoja referred to Gaochang as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) and Huozhou().
At the 8th century Gaochang falls under the control of the people of Turpan. And then in 1209AD it falls under the control of the Yuan Dynasty.
The Gaochang area was sieged by the Northern Mongolians (not part of Yuan Dynasty) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops. After its destruction it was never rebuilt.
Buddhism
Buddhism spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries CE as the Liang rulers were buddhists. The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the Bezeklik grottos.
Rulers of the Kan Family
Rulers of the Zhang Family
Rulers of the Ma Family
Rulers of the Qu Family
Gallery
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "The Silk Road". ess.uci.edu. http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- 北凉且渠安周造寺碑
External links
- Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
- Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
- Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang
Coordinates: 42°51′10″N 89°31′45″E / 42.85278°N 89.52917°E
Retrieved from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang
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